First of all, it is necessary to give science standards or definitions. Whether social science depends on what you think is “science”.Everything is in which definition you adopt or prefer.
The “science” of the western context is divided into narrow and general.The science of English and French basically represents narrow science, that is, modern natural science; German Wissenschaft basically represents a broad science, that is, the rational exploration tradition that pursues certainty and systemic knowledge since Greece.The narrow science constitutes a small tradition of science, and the broad sense of science constitutes the great tradition of science.Little tradition is still active in the big tradition, and it is a special style of the great tradition.In order to understand science, we need to understand both the small tradition and the great tradition.——Wu Guosheng “What is Science”
The “science” of our Chinese context basically uses the significance of Western context.Science was replaced by Natural Philosophy in Faraday. Modern natural science was a paradigm created by Galileo’s observations and experiments and mathematical reasoning, which is what we generally call “science” in general context.
1. Social sciences are undoubtedly a broad sense of science. First of all, as a rational knowledge, a lot of research methods such as probability, statistics, and game theory can undoubtedly be rigorous.
2. However, social sciences are not science in a narrow sense, or the most commonly used usage of the term science is “modern natural science”.
3. Here, I emphasize that some of the scholars mentioned in some context are not scientific. In fact, what I want to say is not that a certain knowledge is not good.Not science is not wrong, not useless, not wrong, not rigorous, but it cannot be included in “modern natural science” in classification.
Mathematics is not science (natural science), which is also very rigorous.For the public, of course, this kind of academic issue is not very concerned, but for some situations that want to pretend to be scientific without experimentation like string theory, such scientific philosophical issues are necessary.It is not that science is not bad, but it is harmful to science as science (pseudo -science).The science of technology is different from the purpose and science.Humanities are also a good knowledge, but the use of scientific methods and using modern technology does not mean natural science.Each has its own purpose and characteristics.Do not deny that the scientific boundary is blurred.Many sciences are valuable, and do not need to be scientific.Moreover, do not confuse science and narrow science,The word science does not add a fixed language is natural science, such as “science” in “Chinese Academy of Sciences” refers to natural sciences and the “Academy of Medical Sciences” needs to be added.Essence
Science has played a huge power to human progress, so that the word was used in rotten, especially in China.Many people say that you are unscientific, in fact, what he wants to say is that you are not correct.”Science” and “correct” paintings are equal, and even political theory must be linked to science. For example, science XXism, it is estimated that scientists are confused.so,In the strict sense of hardcore science, the field is very narrow.
The word science does not add a fixed language to natural science, which refers to the natural science fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology. It can be obtained by experimental empirical methods. It can be confirmed or proved.Obtain upgrades through continuous falsification.
From the perspective of mass communication, the concept of spreading wide spread often defense vaguely. Today’s Chinese society has indeed formed an atmosphere of “science equal to correctness” and “science is equal to good”. This is a good thing.But when studying science or other disciplines, the concept is still narrow and clear.The scientific standard is a “capable of measurement and verification” or “proof can be pseudo”.Other disciplines can learn from the paradigms and methods of natural sciences, and they can also have their own paradigms to solve various problems, which does not affect the value and significance of each discipline.Their value and significance can be as important as science and even more important than science.Why do you want to generalize the concept of “science”?
(…Mathematics is not a science from our point of view, in the sense that it is not anatural science. The test of its value is not experiment.) We must, incidentally, make it clear from the beginning that if a thing is not a science, it is not nextarily bad. For example, love is not a science. So, If some Said not to be a science, it do do mean that there is something without; it just means that it is not a science.
——The Feynman Lecessures on Physics
4. If a theory is included in modern natural science, it must meet certain standards.
Let’s take an example first: Dirac predicts the negative energy level of electrons from the calculation of the quantum field theory. Dirac proposes “acupuncture hypothesis” to interpret the existence of positive electrons, and then predicts the existence of antimatter.At that time, Karl Andans found and confirmed the existence of positive electronics through experiments on the Wilson cloud room of the universe.Following Andan’s discovery of Zheng Electronics, Zhang Bolai discovered the anti -quality child in 1955, and in 1956, the anti -neutron was discovered.Around the 1960s, a series of anti -particles were discovered.
Obtain predictions from one theory, use experiments (including observation) inspection predictions, if the prophecy is correct, it is included in natural science, otherwise the abandonment or amendment theory will be predicted and the above process will be repeated.After the classic mechanics of Newton was faked, the scope of application was still established.If it is tested without experiment, it can only be regarded as a hypothesis.
The significance of science (natural science) is not explanation, but prediction.What is explanation?Terrier’s food month is also an explanation, but why do we now do n’t believe in Tiangu ’s food and believe in Newtonian mechanics, because Newton’ s mechanics can accurately predict when the next time the “Tengu Food Moon” will occur and where can you observe, that is, there is any, there is anyIt can be proven for pseudo, and Terrant Monthly is purely Zhuge Liang afterwards.There are too many incomprehensible quantum mechanics. If you have to understand it, you can learn it. You do n’t need to learn it. Quantum mechanics is a pure calculation, and it is in line with the experiments.The experimental results cannot be distinguished. The EMPty Talk belongs to philosophy does not belong to scientific issues.Science is the simpler description of nature’s logic firstThis is simply reflected in the prediction ability. By testing whether the prophecy is in line with the experiment, it is confirmed whether the description can be accepted scientifically, that is, whether the explanation is good, and the explanation is also a scientific function.For example, explain the shining of stars, etc., and summarize it with more common rules, it can be considered as an explanation.Explanation is just a secondary function for science,If it cannot be predicted, we have no reason to think that it is related to the physical worldEssenceThe value of science lies in predictionEssenceA scientific theory makes predictions, a conclusive counter -examples can be falsified the theory.The key to the falsification is to interpret it. The content that is summarized by more historical data has no content that exceeds historical data, and does not constitute the expansion of knowledge. Historical data is known.EssenceTo interpret, get knowledge outside of the known content, and get rid of the suspicion of the gun after the horse, you must predict the results of the experiment.And repeatedly tested by experiments without exception.
In Quantum Mechanics Itself There is a Probility Amplitude, there is a portential, and there are many connot measure directly. The Basis of a Science is its about to Predict. To Predict Means to Tell What Will Happen in An Experiment that has never ben Done. How can we do that? By assuming that we know what is there, independent of the experiment. We Must Extrapolated the Experiments to a Region where they have not ben done. We Must take our concepts and extend them to places where they have not yet ben checked. If we do not do that, we have no predict. So It was worked for the Classical PHYSICISITS to go happy along and support that the public something also for an electron. It was not stupidity. It was a sensible process.TODAY We say that the law of related is support to be true at all entrances, but some -way, We are “Stupid” Until We “Stick Our NCK OUT,” andSo the Whole Idea is to put our next out. And the only way to find out that we are to find out what out. TS.
——The Feynman Lecessures on Physics
First of all, it is necessary to become a natural science and logic, to make predictions that can be verified; in terms of experience, the prediction must be fitted with the experimental data; in history, it must be able to include existing observation data (old theory), physics and physics, andOther sciences such as chemistry and biology cannot contradict each other. Classical mechanics is very similar at low speed; in sociology, theory must be able to solve existing problems, otherwise there is no need for existence.We suggest that it is strictly in accordance with the evidence of pseudo (more in line with the actual situation of modern natural sciences, and is generally accepted by the natural science community), defining science as “modern natural science”.
In summary, we judge whether a new theory can be accepted, and the process is: whether it can be faked (unable to be eliminated, can proof to enter the next step), whether the next step is in line with the existing experiments (the elimination that cannot be met in accordance with the elimination (cannot be eliminated, Can enter the next step), whether the next step is to predict the new phenomenon (if there is no prediction, it is easier than the old theory (the geo -saying and the sun theory), if it is more complicated than the old theory, it will be eliminated.One step), the next step is the easiest theory that predicted the new phenomenon (the simplest acceptance, not the simplest elimination)
In science, after a theory is predicted, a conclusive counter -example can be performed for the theory, otherwise it will be eliminated.If there is a fossil evidence (such as a fossil of a species appearing in the geological age it should not appear), the predictions of evolution are not consistent, and the theory of evolution is faked.
5. Social science and natural science have different logical foundations, and it is necessary to distinguish.Dirkim also discussed similar questions in the use of social science methodology:
“Therefore, it is necessary to overthrow this coexistence relationship … It is only pointing that it is not enough to use the legal or differential law to prove that it exists in some cases … if the two phenomena changes with each other, even if the two phenomena changes with each otherIn some cases, one of the phenomena appears separately. It should also admit that there is coexistence between them because it is likely to be a phenomenon because of the obstacles of the opposite reasons and fail to produce results … “
Dirkim’s discussion here is that the laws of social sciences cannot be simply faked by a single case.Social science research cannot use an abnormal case to prove a general law for pseudo -pseudo.Qin Fangming further explained from the starting point of Poper’s proof of pseudoism:
“Poper introduced ‘evidence of pseudo” in his scientific methodology theory to replace’ confirmedness’ is because of the logical nature of scientific theory propositions and the unlimited nature of the full name proposition coverage. However, for sociologyIn theory, in general, the theoretical propositions do not have the full name statement.Propositions of general descriptions or predictions of individuals or situations.Is the pseudo -pseudo -beyond the standard of the theory of sociological theory. “
The significant feature of natural science is precise measurement and controlled experiments.And all social activities are in an open environment. The result of observation comes from the role of all factors. The test of the theory is unrelated. The complex world has already prepared an endless excuse to prevent the theory from experience.refute.How to measure the level of price and income, different measurement methods can draw a large result. When facing testing, the measurement technology can block the gun at any time and allow the theory to avoid evidence for falsification. This is not sufficient decisiveness.For social sciences, the status of inspection is not as high as science.Note: For natural science, neutral measurement and repeated experiments can be realized.Generally, there are unspeakable and unclear conditions of natural sciences, and they will be stunned enough, such as string theory and evolutionary psychology.But the social science field is not surprising, and almost every important issue will occur.
For natural science, objective facts and subjective concepts are easy to distinguish.In social sciences, a fact itself is just opinion. The laws of economics are not the laws of natural scientific sense. They are people’s beliefs about what they can do, and a kind of imaginary society.The opposite experience cannot hurt its tension.The same incident can derive the theory that is completely opposite. No experience event can completely destroy any of them, and the school is inevitable in social sciences.
In social sciences, because of the social science propositions or nature, and the existence of auxiliary hypotheses, it is impossible to fake.
6. Finally, ask your classmates to show mercy, I am not talented, glass heart.You can communicate rationally and calmly, and you can ignore me.If social science classmates,I feel offended, I apologize here first.Social sciences are very useful and valuable.What I want to say here is:The difference between science (natural science) and the existence of social sciences is two different fields, but there is no difference between advantages and disadvantages,,Each has its own methods. Scientific methods are not necessarily applicable to social sciences (but in some places are also valid), and vice versa, it is not necessary to forcibly approach science.I have seenToo many keyboard wars on the Internet are actually because the words used by both parties have different meanings.In fact, you don’t have to.The friendly and rational communication between the two sides can actually discuss clearing.I just answered another similar question, I might as well move over.The name is no power, just a basket.This is also considered a prevention needle, just use the terms of each, do not have similar nouns disputes, it is boring.
The conclusion is that social sciences are “science” in a broad sense, but not “science” in a narrow sense.
Expand reading:
https://www.zhihu.com/question/19717383/answer/12746380
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/wrbfsl_knzkcu0fnhrm9iw
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/vrxh4wfk1qvaz1bvwzahda
Some students believe that celestial physics cannot do experiments or observations, not science (referring to natural science).Is that really the case?
“Experiment” is performed without arranging experiments.In practice, from observing measurement is a ladder, and the measurement experiment is also a staircase. It is generally believed that astronomy is a science with only observation (including observation and measurement) and basically no experiment.Institute of astronomical work cannot make artificial changes in the research objects, but it can be designed with experiments. The so -called design experiments are mainly the means of design and change and the method of detection.In the astronomical world, the “extreme” conditions far exceed the situation that the ground laboratory is conceived (ultra -vacuum, ultra -high density, strong magnetic field, ultra -high temperature, etc.).It also provides an ideal environment that is impossible to achieve in the field of research. Of course, the means of transforming research in astronomy are “passive”, that is, it can only be arranged by “self -performance” that can only be rely on nature. This is a kind ofThe lack of. But this “performance” is a large amount, and it is endless. It is a valuable “passive experiment”. Due to its diversity and extremeness, the results obtained are equally considerable as other experiments.
Celestial Physics (Second Edition) Li Zongwei Xiao Xinghua
